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Please consider reading this notice. We need money to operate the site, and almost all of it comes from our online advertising. American Samoa. Antigua and Barbuda. Austria's public broadcaster, ORF, was the main broadcast source until commercial radio and television service was introduced in the s; cable and satellite TV are available, including German TV stations.
Bosnia and Herzegovina. British Indian Ocean Territory. British Virgin Islands. Burkina Faso. Cape Verde. Cayman Islands. Central African Republic. Christmas Island. Cocos Keeling Islands.
Congo, Republic of the. Cook Islands. Costa Rica. Cote d'Ivoire. Czech Republic. Jimmy Wales launched Wikipedia, which quickly grew to become a high-quality, comprehensive information resource. Blogs and social media and YouTube supported a flourishing of self-expression and dialogue, including voices that had historically been shut out of the public discourse. The internet was lauded for helping people in authoritarian countries circumvent censorship, and sites like Facebook and Twitter were credited for providing places for pro-democracy activists to share information and organize.
But this new flourishing of diversity was short-lived. News organizations struggled to find a workable business model, and many shut down. Harassment and abuse started to drive women and members of minority groups out of public spaces.
Crowdsourced news never really took off. And in many categories of activity search, social, shopping , out of what had been a crowded marketplace, dominant players emerged. But gradually business models have emerged. Advertising is dependent on large audiences, so it has always incentivized sensationalism.
But with the advent of internet advertising, two things changed. First, new tools made it possible for content creators to continuously test and optimize their work — everything from headlines to image choice to story length — so that people would click on it. And second, social media started to play a bigger role in how people found new content, which led content creators to optimize their work so that people would not just read it, but share it.
It turned out that while conventional media sites had been assiduously tweaking and fine-tuning their work to make it more Facebook-friendly, new players — described in a BuzzFeed News investigation as a mix of ideologues, opportunists, growth hackers and internet marketers — had seen an opportunity to reinvent news from first principles, in a way wholly constructed for social sharing and pretty much entirely uncoupled from traditional commitments to accuracy and balance.
Share if you agree! But they are powerful anyway. The New York Times found that collectively, hyperpartisan sites have tens of millions of Facebook followers, and Buzzfeed found engagement with partisan news to be consistently higher than with news from sites like CNN.
Everyone looks. The internet interprets behavior like this to mean everyone is asking for car crashes, so it tries to supply them. The result is a frayed, incoherent and polarized public sphere. Public broadcasters were designed to elevate the societies in which they operated: to help them be smarter, better informed, healthily pluralistic and successful.
For decades they did exactly that. Survey after survey tells a bleak story: Around the world, in liberal democracies, large numbers of people believe political elites are no longer representing their interests.
The Edelman Trust Barometer started measuring global public trust in institutions in , and in it recorded its largest ever single-year drop. It found 53 percent of respondents worldwide reported that they believe the current system is failing them — that it is unfair and offers little hope for the future — and only 15 percent believe it is working.
Since the Economist Intelligence Unit has tracked the health of democracies through its Democracy Index. Americans were losing faith in the U. The election of Donald Trump, the Economist wrote, was a symptom of underlying dysfunction, not its cause. In pretty much every country around the world, people are reporting increasing dissatisfaction with even the idea of democracy, according to analysis of World Values Survey data carried out by political scientists Yascha Mounk and Roberto Foa.
Since , Mounk and Foa have found , each generation of young people has been successively less supportive of democratic ideals and institutions. In writing this piece I stumbled across a description of the U. There was hostility towards politicians, and a sense that politics was compromised and damaging.
And also a kind of post First World War anxiety about commerce and big business. It is also not surprising that in countries with a high level of funding for public service TV and radio there tends to be more trust in the media in general — they produce good quality content and provide valuable information for society. This article is more than 5 years old. The Chinese swissinfo. But just because a country does not have a public media system does not mean the state is automatically in conrol of the airwaves.
In Brazil, for example, a small number of oligarchs dominate the media the official TV Brasil carries little weight. The Globo company, which leads the market, hires the best journalists in the country, but there is no obligation for it to keep doing so. In countries that fund public media through a fee from the public, the question arises of who needs to pay that fee. In Switzerland, the payment requirement was extended by a close popular vote in Currently, all households must pay the radio and TV licence fee, no longer just those who have the necessary equipment.
This means inspectors are no longer needed to check whether people have a radio, TV or computer. And how do overseers make sure the fees are actually being paid? This makes quite a difference in the budgets of Japanese public broadcasters, as they are not allowed to carry advertising. The United States has a long tradition of purely commercial broadcasting, with state support for media only arising in the s.
American public media does not depend on a licence fee, but on direct federal government funding to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting CBP.
This independent agency, in turn, funds part of the budgets of public media stations such as local PBS television and NPR radio affiliates. This content was published on Mar 21, Mar 21, Switzerland is debating the role public broadcasting should play in the country.
What's the situation elsewhere around the world? Taxpayer funding for public media clearly takes varying forms around the world, but even a system that does without state subsidies and funds public service broadcasting through a direct levy does not guarantee the independence of those outlets. A lot depends on who collects the fee. If the state does it, there is a danger that the media will be manipulated for political ends.
In Tunisia, for example, a fee to fund public broadcasting is collected with the consumer electricity bill, and it goes into government coffers. The rest is funded from general revenue, which makes corruption and abuses possible, as our correspondent in Tunis points out.
In India, the government has a strong voice in any corporate decisions at the public broadcaster — for example, as regards the creation of new positions. On the European continent, stronger government control of public broadcasters is becoming a trend, notably in eastern Europe.
In Poland, the conservatives in power since late have forced the public broadcaster TVP to fall in line with the policies of the ruling PiS party. The entire TVP executive body was replaced by party loyalists, and some independent journalists left the station. It finds that press freedom has diminished in 61 of the countries listed, including in countries like France, Spain, Portugal and Italy. Switzerland has sat in seventh place in the worldwide ranking two years in a row.
Meanwhile, Social Democrat and former Italian president Matteo Renzi has started a debate as to whether the licence fee should be abolished altogether.
In Germany, there is frequent criticism that political interests have representation on the boards of publicly-funded broadcasters. In France, the government does not control public media outlets but can put them under greater pressure to save money, which can create issues of quality. So, public broadcasting and its funding are on the political agenda all around the world, not just in Switzerland.
It is clear that there will be further upheaval in the Swiss media world, even if the voters turn down the "No Billag" initiative and leave the status of broadcasting as it is in the federal constitution. In , the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation is due to enter into negotiations regarding its continued mandate, and the federal government may call for changes. This summer, the government is starting a consultation process on new broadcasting legislation.
This legislation is intended to regulate the role of online media and later replace existing legislation on public broadcasting as a whole. The ten-language platform SWI swissinfo. Since Chinese media depend on the state for their journalism and content, there are no public service media per se in China. Before privately owned Chinese news portals like Sina, Sohu and Netease started up in the late s providing news online, all media organisations and companies in China were either state-owned or state-controlled.
At the top of the pyramid is the national state broadcaster CCTV. Its management is very interested in international collaboration with partners from other countries, including the West.
As regards financing, news media in China since the liberalisation of the late s have become more market-oriented. Earlier they were regarded as the ideological mouthpiece of the one-party state, whereas today they are media companies funded by advertising and other commercial interests.
While this market-driven media reform has changed the financial model for news media, ownership and state control remain as they were before. The complete article in Chinese can be read here.
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